ABSTRACT
Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................................285 12.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 286 12.2 Passive Forces in Morphogenesis .................................................................................... 287
12.2.1 Fluid Flow ............................................................................................................... 287 12.2.2 Fluid Pressure ......................................................................................................... 290 12.2.3 Buckling .................................................................................................................. 291
12.3 Active Forces in Morphogenesis ...................................................................................... 293 12.3.1 Cell Contractions ................................................................................................... 293
12.4 Long-Range Morphogenetic Signals: Mechanics, Morphogens, and Electrical Signaling .................................................................................................... 295 12.4.1 Morphogen Gradients ........................................................................................... 295 12.4.2 Electrical Gradients ............................................................................................... 297 12.4.3 Coupling Mechanical Signals with Morphogen Gradients
and Electrical Gradients ........................................................................................ 299 12.5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 299 References .....................................................................................................................................300
