ABSTRACT
Cells can resist but also actively exert mechanical forces. This ability allows them to perform many essential tasks. Some animal cells can crawl across surfaces and through small pores, pulling themselves forward while pushing against their environment. Some cells such as sperm cells swim by beating long appendages, which push the surrounding uid. Most cells proliferate by dividing into two daughter cells, requiring drastic changes in cell shape. Many cells maintain their internal components organized by a combination of
CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Cytoskeleton ...........................................................................................................................2
