ABSTRACT
The US National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) denes nanotechnology as “the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications” (National Science and Technology Council 2007). It is necessary to note that alternative denitions of nanotechnology exist (Balogh 2010; Dionysios 2004; Romig Jr et al. 2007; Schummer 2007) and any specic dimensional boundaries of matter should not always be considered as strict limits since the effects attributed to the dimensional parameters between
9.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 173 9.1.1 Nanotechnology and Its Distinct Position in Research............................................. 173 9.1.2 Nanomaterial Production and Use in Consumer Products ....................................... 174 9.1.3 Potential Implications of Nanomaterial Exposure .................................................... 175
9.2 Nanomaterials in Consumer Products .................................................................................. 177 9.3 Potential of Nanomaterial Exposure from Nanotechnology-Based Consumer Products ..... 180
9.3.1 Studies Investigating Nanotechnology-Based Consumer Products .......................... 180 9.3.2 Summary of Techniques Used to Investigate Nanotechnology-Based Consumer
Products .................................................................................................................... 184 9.3.3 Observed Challenges When Investigating Exposure Potential
of Nanotechnology-Based Consumer Products ........................................................ 184 9.3.3.1 Effect of the Aerosol Dynamics................................................................. 184 9.3.3.2 Effect of the Aerosolization Method and the Sprayer Type....................... 185 9.3.3.3 Labeling Issues Related to Nanotechnology-Based Consumer Products ....186 9.3.3.4 Use of Various Metrics for Nanosized Particle Measurement ................... 186 9.3.3.5 Effect of Particle Agglomeration ............................................................... 186 9.3.3.6 Consistency of Consumer Product Composition ....................................... 187
9.4 Quantitative Inhalation Exposure Assessment for Consumer Products ............................... 187 9.5 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 192 Questions ........................................................................................................................................ 193 References ...................................................................................................................................... 194
the atomic (approximately 0.2 nm) and “bulk” levels are also observed outside of the 1-100 nm range (Cedervall et al. 2007; Hu et al. 2006; Kim et al. 2004; Konan et al. 2002; Perrault and Chan 2009; Shaw 2011; Vayssieres 2003).
