ABSTRACT
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products ....................................... 163 9.5 Enzyme Reaction Mechanism Interpretation for Wastewater
Treatment .................................................................................................... 164 9.6 Augmentation of the Activated Sludge Process .................................... 167 9.7 Landfill Treatments ................................................................................... 169
9.7.1 Applying Adsorptive, Diffusive, and Reactive Principles to Eliminate Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Landfills ...................................................................................... 169
9.7.2 Biocatalysis in Landfills ................................................................ 170 9.7.3 Spin-Off Application to Superfund Sites .................................... 171 9.7.4 Transport Phenomena and Biocatalysis in Landfills ................ 171
9.8 Process Modeling to Examine Improvements Leading to Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Related Entities Such as Personal Care Products ............................................................................. 172
9.9 Reaction Mechanism Interpretation and Wastewater Treatment Modifications .............................................................................................. 188
9.10 Characterization of the Biomass and Cell/Enzyme Reaction System ......................................................................................... 190
9.11 Summary Process Modeling and Research ........................................... 191
Treatment of wastes has its beginnings as described in the Bible, in the history of ancient Greece, in ancient Roman history, and in other civilizations, such as China, Japan, and India. Indeed, humans devised ways to treat waste since the dawn of civilization. If nothing else, regions of human waste elimination were segregated (Barbalance 2003). The Bible indicates human wastes were to be buried away from human dwellings, and this is noted in the Old Testament, Deuteronomy 23:9-14 (Winnan 2004). The Romans devised separate toilet facilities with running water, as is evident in the ruins of a Roman establishment in Turkey that the writer toured in 2009 (Goldstein 2009).
