ABSTRACT
Abstract .................................................................................................................. 100 Keywords ............................................................................................................... 100 6.1Introduction .................................................................................................. 100 6.2Population Genetics of Resistance ................................................................ 102
6.2.1Genetic Models ................................................................................. 102 6.2.2 Pest Reproductive Strategy ............................................................... 103
6.3 Ecology of Resistance ................................................................................... 106 6.3.1Pest Dynamics .................................................................................. 106 6.3.2Landscape Con„guration .................................................................. 107
6.4Case Study: White·ies and Pyriproxyfen ..................................................... 108 6.4.1 Natural History ................................................................................. 108 6.4.2 Genetics and Ecology of Pyriproxyfen Resistance ........................... 109 6.4.3Integrated Pest Management and Pyriproxyfen Resistance ............. 112
6.4.3.1Relationship between IPM and IRM ................................. 112 6.4.3.2Role of Natural Enemies in IPM and IRM ........................ 113 6.4.3.3 IPM and IRM and Their Impacts on
Modeling Resistance .......................................................... 115 6.4.4Predicting Variation in Resistance across Crop Landscapes............ 117
6.5Conclusions ................................................................................................... 119 References.............................................................................................................. 120
Juvenile hormone analogs (JHAs) are insecticides that mimic insect juvenile hormone and interfere with normal insect development. JHAs disrupt a hormonal system that is speci„c to insects and thus kill some target pests while causing less harm to nontarget organisms than broad-spectrum insecticides. JHAs have become increasingly important in agriculture worldwide, where their speci„city and ef„cacy has been used selectively to reduce target pest populations while conserving key natural enemies. Evolution of resistance by target pests, however, can reduce the effectiveness of JHAs. This chapter reviews how models have been used to analyze the evolution of pest resistance to JHAs and to develop strategies to delay pest resistance. We describe results of general mathematical models and a case study showing how simulation, conceptual, and spatially explicit statistical models have been applied to better understand and manage evolution of resistance to the JHA pyriproxyfen by the white·y, Bemisia tabaci. Our results show how genetic, ecological, and human factors affect evolution of pest resistance to JHAs. Integrating knowledge of these factors into models can help to produce useful predictions about pest resistance to JHAs and to improve management strategies for preserving the effectiveness of this important functional class of insecticides.
