ABSTRACT
The genetic code is the key to the translation of the information stored in the form of DNA into the functional world of proteins. DNA stores information in the form of a linear sequence of the four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). In protein coding regions, combined in triplets, these bases encode a corresponding amino acid eventually present in a protein. Both polymers are co-linear and a sophisticated machinery has evolved that communicates between these two regimes that are so different in their chemical nature. The ow of information from nucleic acids to proteins is irreversible, which was summarised by Francis Crick as the central dogma of molecular biology. The central components of the genetic code, the ribosomes, tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs), are common to all domains of life on Earth, suggesting that our last common ancestor already possessed essentially the same decoding machinery as present
CONTENTS
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 281 9.2 Available Orthogonal Pairs and Their Host Systems ...................................................283
