ABSTRACT
A plant disease is the result of interaction between a susceptible host plant, virulent pathogens, and the environment. Human activities (i.e., agronomic practices, fungicide treatments, movement of plant material in the global market, etc.) and the presence of microbial antagonists to the pathogen may also play roles in the development of a disease. Because the environment signicantly (directly or indirectly) inuences plants, pathogens, and their antagonists, changes in environmental conditions are strongly associated with differences in the level of losses caused by a disease, and environmental changes are often implicated in the emergence of new diseases (Anderson et al., 2004). For these reasons, the changes associated with global warming (i.e., increased temperatures, changes in the quantity and pattern of precipitation, increased CO2 and ozone levels, drought, etc.) may affect the incidence and severity of plant disease and inuence the further coevolution of plants
CONTENTS
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 183 Effects of Climate Change on Pathogens ...................................................................................... 184 Effects of Climate Change on Host Plants and on Plant-Pathogen Interactions ........................... 185 Complexity of Predicting the Effect of Climate Change on a Pathogen ....................................... 186 Changes that Have Already Occurred ........................................................................................... 187 Potential Effect of Climate Change on Microbial Interactions ..................................................... 188 Predictive Models in Horticultural Systems and the Open Field .................................................. 191 Predictive Models in Forestry ........................................................................................................ 194 Experimental Validation of Climate Change ................................................................................. 196 Vector-Borne Diseases ................................................................................................................... 199 Effects of Climate Change on Plant Disease Management ...........................................................200 Coping with Changes in Pathosystems ..........................................................................................202 Summary ........................................................................................................................................203 Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................204 References ......................................................................................................................................204
