ABSTRACT
In the von Neumann machine, data or addresses of memory locations can be temporarily stored in the registers or in the memory (RAM). Similarly, a memory location can also hold data, as well as address of another memory location. If a memory holds the data, then it is accessed by an instruction using a single memory access called direct access. However, if a memory location holds the address of another memory location, then two memory accesses are needed to load the data into the CPU, and this method is called indirect access. In addition to direct and indirect accesses, an oset can be added or subtracted to an address stored in a register or another address to calculate a new address. is oset-based method is used to access subelds of complex data structures, where one needs to store the base address of the rst memory location of the data structure and compute the address of the subelds by adding the oset of the subeld to the base address.
