ABSTRACT
In the last chapter we assumed that exposures are available wherever needed in the ER model and can be used in the model directly. Here we focus on other situations when exposures in the ER model are not directly available and have to be estimated. Two main approaches under these situations are known as sequential and simultaneous modeling in pharmacometrics, and twostage and joint modeling in statistics, although in most cases there is no exact correspondence between these methods in the two fields.
