- Including individual covariates and relaxing basic model assumptions

In this chapter, we deal with the inclusion of individual covariates into the basic latent Markov (LM) model. These covariates may be included in the measurement model or in the latent model. This is possible by adopting essentially the same parametrizations used to formulate constraints on the basic LM model; see, in particular, Sections 4.2 and 4.3.