ABSTRACT
Diseases and injuries of musculoskeletal system cause pain, deformity, and loss of function. They limit activities of daily living and cause disability for more people than disorders of any other organ system. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering provides a promising approach to treat these diseases and injuries. In tissue engineering, scaffolds as temporary support for cell ingrowth and carrier for growth factors are gradually acknowledged as the key functions for successful tissue repair. More recently, the ability to engineer the nanostructures of scaffold materials to precisely control cell behaviors for tissue regeneration
CONTENTS
15.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 407 15.2 Nanostructures in Natural Musculoskeletal Tissues ...................................................408 15.3 Problem (Disease-Disorder) of Musculoskeletal Tissues ............................................ 411
15.3.1 Current Treatment Methods ................................................................................. 411 15.3.2 Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Problems ............ 411
15.4 Strategies of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering ....................................................... 412 15.4.1 General Principles for Tissue Engineering ........................................................ 412 15.4.2 Biomimetic Scaffolds ............................................................................................. 412 15.4.3 Stem Cells ................................................................................................................ 413 15.4.4 Growth Factors ....................................................................................................... 414
15.5 Nanobrous Scaffold-Cell Interactions ......................................................................... 415 15.6 Applications of Nanobrous Scaffolds for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering ....... 419
15.6.1 Bone ......................................................................................................................... 419 15.6.2 Cartilage .................................................................................................................. 421 15.6.3 Muscle ......................................................................................................................422 15.6.4 Ligament .................................................................................................................423
