ABSTRACT
Since nanoscience is sustainably turning into nanotechnology, the potential widespread use of manmade nanoparticles has been discussed. The main applications of engineered nanoparticles involve two areas, industry (chemical sensing, fuel catalysis, etc.) and biomedicine (drug delivery, medical imaging, etc.). Recently, some anticipated applications are beginning to be realized, such as sensors, biolabels, tips for scanning probe microscopy, electrochemical actuators, batteries, and so on (Barnard, 2009). During the transition, problems related to nanoparticle toxicity have arisen. To manufacture efcient, safe, and environmentally friendly nanoproducts, a predictable and reliable
10.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................209 10.2 Nanotoxicology ..................................................................................................................... 210 10.3 In Vitro Evaluation of Nanoparticle Toxicity ....................................................................... 211
10.3.1 In Vitro Cytotoxicity Screening ................................................................................ 211 10.3.2 Assays of ROS .......................................................................................................... 211 10.3.3 Microscopic Evaluation of Intracellular Localization .............................................. 212 10.3.4 Gene Expression Analysis ........................................................................................ 212 10.3.5 In Vitro Hemolysis Test ............................................................................................ 214 10.3.6 Genotoxicity Testing ................................................................................................. 214 10.3.7 Inammation Assay .................................................................................................. 215 10.3.8 Advantage and Disadvantage of In Vitro Assay ....................................................... 215
10.4 In Vivo Evaluation of Nanoparticle Toxicity ........................................................................ 216 10.4.1 ADME of Nanoparticles ........................................................................................... 216 10.4.2 Animal Models ......................................................................................................... 216 10.4.3 Carcinogenicity Studies of Nanoparticles ................................................................ 216 10.4.4 Predication of In Vivo Toxicity by In Vitro Data ...................................................... 217
10.5 In Silico Evaluation of Nanoparticle Toxicity....................................................................... 217 10.5.1 High-Throughput Screening ..................................................................................... 218 10.5.2 Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship ........................................................... 218 10.5.3 Global Models versus Local Models ........................................................................ 219 10.5.4 Articial Intelligence ................................................................................................ 221 10.5.5 Nanoinformatics ....................................................................................................... 221
10.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 221 References ...................................................................................................................................... 222
way to assess nanotoxicity should be established before the omnipresence of nanoparticles. Not only the interactions of nanoparticles with biological systems and natural ecosystems, but also the interactions between nanoparticles and other common compounds in the human body should be estimated during toxic studies.
