ABSTRACT
Abstract .................................................................................................................. 314 13.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 314
13.1.1 Types of Drilling Fluids ................................................................... 316 13.1.1.1 Water-Based Mud ............................................................... 317 13.1.1.2 Oil-Based Mud ................................................................... 318 13.1.1.3 Synthetic-Based Mud ......................................................... 319 13.1.1.4 Air and Foam ..................................................................... 319
13.1.2 Mud Properties ................................................................................. 319 13.1.2.1 Mud Density or Mud Weight ............................................. 319 13.1.2.2 Mud Viscosity .................................................................... 319 13.1.2.3 Gel Strength ....................................................................... 320 13.1.2.4 Filtration ............................................................................. 320
13.1.3 Drilling Fluid Treatment and Monitoring Equipment ...................... 321 13.1.4 Drilling Hazards ............................................................................... 321
13.1.4.1 Salt Section Hole Enlargement .......................................... 322 13.1.4.2 Heaving Shale Problems .................................................... 322 13.1.4.3 Blowouts ............................................................................. 322 13.1.4.4 Lost Circulation ................................................................. 322
13.1.5 Clays and Colloid Chemistry ............................................................ 322 13.1.5.1 Properties of Clay Minerals ............................................... 323 13.1.5.2 Clays Used in Drilling Fluids ............................................324
13.2 Experimental ................................................................................................ 324 13.2.1 Synthesis ........................................................................................... 324
