ABSTRACT
In vivo brain imaging enables the systematic examination of trait and state variables that contribute to the etiology of human diseases. There has been an explosion of interest in the development and use of brain imaging techniques for the scientic study of ketamine use. This chapter provides a critical overview of functional and structural neuroimaging studies of ketamine users/abusers in humans, primates, and rodents, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)/pharmacological fMRI (phMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The effect of short-and long-term use of ketamine on the molecular mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS) and a comparison of ketamine use/ abuse and schizophrenia as determined by imaging are also reviewed within the context of these studies.
