ABSTRACT

Nano-zerovalent metals (n-ZVMs) (<1 to >100  nm) are currently used in water remediation as n-ZVM powder, n-ZVM placed on a structural support (e.g., diatomite, ceramic, carbon nanotubes), n-ZVM containing promoters, and self-assembly cation/anion scavenging n-ZVM ions. The n-ZVM is either used as a solid or a slurry-water-n-ZVM mixture (or gas [nitrogen]–water-n-ZVM mixture), with a concentration of between 0.5 g n-ZVM L−1 and 1 kg n-ZVM L−1. Three types of (n-ZVM) water remediation treatment are currently practiced:

1. Injection of n-ZVM into an aquifer. This type of treatment may take 1 to >40 years to remediate the aquifer.