ABSTRACT
Ecological restoration involves human attempts to return physical sites to some state preceding some human disturbances. There are more and more restoration efforts underway. However, scientists have shown it is rarely possible to know what ecosystems looked like or how they functioned. Restoration policymaking, therefore, should be understood as a transcicntific enterprise which involves the intermingling of facts and values. In an examination of the place of values and science in river restoration, we describe two survey techniques, Q-methodology and attitudinal surveys. We find that Q-methodology is an impm1ant complement to traditional survey techniques and argue that Q techniques should be used to identify the range of values that may influence the restoration planning process.322
