ABSTRACT
Impacts..........................................................................................108 3.2 Impact of Insecticides on the Environment ...............................................109
3.2.1 Effects of Insecticides on Microorganisms ..................................109 3.2.2 Effects of Insecticides on Aerial and Soil-Inhabiting
Invertebrates..................................................................................110 3.2.3 Effects on Aquatic Invertebrates ..................................................113 3.2.4 Effects on Fish..............................................................................114 3.2.5 Effects on Amphibians and Reptiles ............................................114 3.2.6 Effects on Birds ............................................................................115 3.2.7 Effects on Mammals.....................................................................115 3.2.8 Effects on Humans .......................................................................115
3.3 Ecological Principles Involved in Judicious Insecticide Use ....................116 3.3.1 General Concepts..........................................................................116 3.3.2 Forecasting Insect Pest and Predator Populations .......................117
