ABSTRACT
Associated with Anaerobic Wells ........................................ 31 2.3.2.4 Biofouling ............................................................................ 31 2.3.2.5 Collocation of Desalination Plants and Power
Generation Facilities ............................................................ 32 2.4 Pretreatment Processes ................................................................................... 32
2.4.1 General Description ............................................................................... 32 2.4.2 Pretreatment for Thermal Desalination Plants ................................... 33 2.4.3 Chemicals Used in Thermal Desalination Processes ......................... 33 2.4.4 Source Water Pretreatment for Membrane Desalination .................... 33 2.4.5 Chemicals Used for Pretreatment Prior to Membrane Desalination ... 35
2.5 Thermal Desalination Processes .................................................................... 35 2.5.1 MSF Desalination ............................................................................... 37
2.5.1.1 MSF Issues and Considerations ...........................................40 2.5.2 MED Desalination .............................................................................. 41
2.5.2.1 MED Issues and Considerations .......................................... 42 2.6 Membrane Desalination .................................................................................. 43
2.6.1 Desalination by Electrodialysis .......................................................... 43 2.6.2 Reverse Osmosis Desalination............................................................44 2.6.3 Membrane Issues and Considerations ................................................ 47
2.6.3.1 Pretreatment ......................................................................... 47 2.6.3.2 Salt Rejection by RO Systems ..............................................48 2.6.3.3 Salt Removal by ED-Based Systems ...................................48
