ABSTRACT
Bridge engineers make changes to seismic design practice (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Ocials [AASHTO], 2011; ATC, 1981; ATC, 1996; Caltrans, 1997; 2010a-d, 2011a, 2011b, 2013; China-MOT, 2008; JRA, 2002) based on lessons learned aer earthquakes, through tests in laboratories, and from analytical studies. However, it has usually been bridge damage from earthquakes that has been the impetus for changes to seismic practice.
