ABSTRACT
Impedance spectroscopy is a powerful technique to characterize the electrical properties of materials and their interfaces with electrically conducting electrodes. The technique may be
CONTENTS
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 135 Impedance Theory ...................................................................................................................... 136
Impedance Principle .............................................................................................................. 136 Conductivity Models ............................................................................................................. 140 Equivalent Circuits ................................................................................................................. 143
Resistor and Capacitor in Parallel ................................................................................... 144 Double Resistor and Capacitor Parallel in Series ......................................................... 145
Formulae for Capacitance ..................................................................................................... 145 One-Layer Model ............................................................................................................... 146 Cross-Section Two-Layer Model ..................................................................................... 148 In-Plane Two-Layer Model............................................................................................... 150
Impedance Spectroscopy on Diamond-Based Materials ....................................................... 150 Boron-Doped Single-Crystalline Diamond ........................................................................ 151 Polycrystalline Diamond ....................................................................................................... 155 Nanocrystalline Diamond ..................................................................................................... 160
Diamond-Based Materials Applications .................................................................................. 165 Biosensors ................................................................................................................................ 165 Diamond Electrodes ............................................................................................................... 170 Ultraviolet Sensors ................................................................................................................. 172
Non-Diamond-Based Materials for Biological Application .................................................. 172 Cells Detection ........................................................................................................................ 173 DNA Hybridization Sensor Applications ........................................................................... 174 Enzyme Detection .................................................................................................................. 175 Catalysts................................................................................................................................... 178 Lithium-Ion Battery Applications ........................................................................................ 179 Supercapacitance .................................................................................................................... 181 DLC Biomedical Coating Materials ..................................................................................... 182
References ..................................................................................................................................... 185
used to investigate the dynamics of bound or mobile charges in bulk or interface regions of any kind of ionic solids, or liquid materials, semiconductors, mixed ionic-electronic materials, and insulators (dielectrics). The technique measures the impedance as a function of frequency automatically in the range of 0.1 Hz to 10 MHz and is easily interfaced to the computer.
