ABSTRACT
In the •eld of biosensors and biocatalysts, nanomaterials offer the potential for extremely high surface area-to-volume ratios. This allows the immobilization of large numbers of biomolecules per unit area and results in high-ef•ciency biosensors with the potential to increase biosensor sensitivity, response time, and selectivity. To date, a wide variety of nanomaterials have been explored for their application in biosensors due to their unique chemical, physical, and optoelectronic properties [1]. Among the various nanomaterials available, carbon nanomaterials have been extensively used during electroanalysis and the most common forms are spherical fullerenes, cylindrical nanotubes, and carbon •bers and carbon blacks. Since the discovery that individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be employed as nanoscale transistors, researchers have recognized their outstanding potential for electronic detection of biomolecules in solution, possibly down to single-molecule sensitivity. In order to detect biologically derived electronic signals, CNTs are often functionalized with linkers, such as proteins and peptides, to interface with soluble biologically relevant targets. For example, incorporation of CNTs and fullerenes has greatly
8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 233 8.2 Electrochemistry of Graphene ...................................................................... 235 8.3 Direct Electrochemistry of Enzymes on Graphene Surface ........................ 236 8.4 Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Graphene ....................... 237 8.5 Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors .............................................. 238 8.6 Graphene-Based DNA Biosensors ................................................................ 241 8.7 Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ion Detection ... 243 8.8 Graphene-Based Gas Sensors .......................................................................246 8.9 Functionalized Graphene for Gas Sensors ................................................... 252 8.10 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 255 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 255 References ..............................................................................................................256
