ABSTRACT
The application of ultrasonic technology has been receiving wide attention in water and wastewater treatment and environmental remediation areas, such as degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants in aqueous phase (Hiskia et al., 2001; Song et al., 2006; Yang et al., 2006; David, 2009; Neppolian et al., 2009; Vecitis et al., 2010; Cheng et al., 2010), decontamination of sediments (Lu and Weavers, 2002; He et al., 2005), assistance of membrane ›ltration for membrane cleaning and
Fundamentals of Ultrasound .......................................................................................................... 373 Ultrasonic Factors .......................................................................................................................... 376
Power of Ultrasound.................................................................................................................. 376 Frequency of Ultrasound ........................................................................................................... 376 Pulsed or Continued Sonication ................................................................................................ 377
Property of Contaminants .............................................................................................................. 377 Volatility .................................................................................................................................... 377 Hydrophobicity ......................................................................................................................... 378
Ultrasonic Degradation of Anthropogenic Contaminants .............................................................. 379 Degradation of Natural Organic Matter ......................................................................................... 382
NOM Property Changes through Sonication ............................................................................ 382 TOC Reduction of NOM ...................................................................................................... 385 Decrease in UV/Vis Absorbance .......................................................................................... 385 Decrease in Hydrophobicity of NOM .................................................................................. 386 13C NMR Changes to NOM ................................................................................................. 386 Decrease in Molecular Weight of NOM ............................................................................... 386 Increase in Total Acidity of NOM ........................................................................................ 389 Implications of Sonochemical Degradations of NOM .........................................................390
Ultrasound and Disinfection ..........................................................................................................390 Control Membrane Fouling in Filtration Processes ....................................................................... 392
