ABSTRACT
Solutions of dif£cult electromagnetic problems are facilitated through the de£nitions of electromagnetic potentials (see Appendix 1B):
B A= ∇ × , (1.7)
E
A = −∇ −
∂ ∂Φ t ,
(1.8)
where A is the magnetic vector potential (Wb/m) and Φ the electric scalar potential (V). The effect of an electromagnetic material on the electromagnetic £elds is incorporated in
constitutive relations between the £elds E, D, B, H, and J.
