ABSTRACT
Structural systems can in most cases become too complex to be designed based solely on empirical data or experience. A more rational procedure, using a mathematical simulation of the structure, is needed to understand the performance of the structure under various loading. e response of the structure will become even more complex if the loading is time-dependent. An example of a time-dependent loading is ground motion excitation, during which the structure can be subjected to strong ground shaking and high accelerations in both horizontal and vertical directions. Another source of complexity to the structural system, for example, is when the interaction of structure with soil (foundation system or embedded structures) or with uid (tanks or oating structures) becomes important. If the design criteria allows for limited and controlled damage, or when passive energy dissipation systems, isolation, or sliding systems are used in the structure, then nonlinear behavior of the elements need to be included, which in turn requires more attention to ensure that the mathematical model provide a reliable representation of the physical system.
