ABSTRACT
The importance of tunnels continues to expand progressively in every modern urban environment, as tunnels provide a viable, environmentally acceptable solution to ever-growing traffic congestion, and to the need to optimise the integral use of the underground space. When designing and constructing a tunnel, engineers should worry about the excavation impact on adjacent buildings. Many researchers have focused on the assessment of the ground surface settlement trough above the tunnel and its effects on the settlement, in special the differential settlement, of adjacent buildings.
