ABSTRACT
Recent demand for biofuels has also sparked interest in vascular development. Although bioethanol can be made by fermentation from a variety of grains, this process requires a large amount of energy, and environmental life cycle analysis models have shown modest reductions in CO2 emissions for grain-based ethanol production (California Energy Commission 2007). Recent research has focused on the development of cellulosic ethanol production where sugars can be extracted from plant waste products by either enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis. e majority of plant sugars are present as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and the greater
I. Introduction: Why Study Vascular Development?............................................................. 7-1 II. Formation of the Vascular Cylinder during Embryogenesis ............................................ 7-2 III. Vascular Anatomy in the Growing Root..............................................................................7-4
Cambium • Xylem • Phloem IV. Hormonal Signaling Establishes the Radial Vascular Pattern ......................................... 7-5
VII. Long-Range Cell-to-Cell Communication through CLE Peptides Regulates Xylem Vessel Formation ....................................................................................................... 7-12 CLE Peptides Inhibit Xylem Dierentiation and Promote Procambial Proliferation • CLE Peptides Regulate Xylem Dierentiation by Modulating Cytokinin Signaling
IX. Cytokinin Signaling Controls the Secondary Growth of Cambial Cells ..................... 7-14 X. Putting the Pattern Together ............................................................................................... 7-15 XI. Prospects for the Future ....................................................................................................... 7-16 References ...........................................................................................................................................7-16
part of these essential materials is locked within the vascular tissues. It is hoped that by engineering plants with alterations in the properties and numbers of vascular cells, we could produce either plants that have an increased amount of sugars stored within the vascular tissues or plants where the sugars are easier to extract. erefore, a greater knowledge of vascular development would be an important asset in designing crops for the future.
