ABSTRACT
Engagement of the innate immune system and activation of inammatory responses have been demonstrated to play an important role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (Barry 1994; Bryant et al. 1998; Frangogiannis 2006; Kubota et al. 1997) and congestive heart failure (CHF) (Torre-Amione et al. 1996). Experimental studies and clinical investigations have shown that I/R signicantly increases myocardial inammatory cytokine expression including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (I-CAM-1) (Barry 1994; Bryant et al. 1998; Frangogiannis 2006; Kubota et al. 1997; Kukielka et al. 1995). These proinammatory
7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 123 7.2 Toll-Like Receptors Regulate Innate Immune and Inammatory Responses .....................124
