ABSTRACT
In exhaust dyeing method jigger, winch, cabinet and warp reel machines are used successfully. A desired M: L ratio of 1:20, 1:25 is employed to get uniform results. Cotton is mostly dyed in hank, warp or piece form. Hanks may be dyed in either in open beck, liquor circulating or in package form. For the application of piece goods, a pad mangle with double nip is the most favored method, although Jigger can be used if followed by an efficient squeeze on the mangles. For heavy cloths and for small production, it is advisable to use jigger. Jigger is not economical for naphthols of low substantivity. Fabric or yarn is impregnated with naphthol solution for about 20 minutes. While padding dyeing method is more economical than that of exhaust methods, fabric is dyed by continuous method in the pad-bath.
