ABSTRACT
Iatrogenic: what types of instrumentation are involved and is this common? In recent decades, there has been a continued increase in the incidence of iatrogenic esophageal perforation due to the increased use of invasive endoscopic technology. The types of instrumentation that can cause perforation include esophagoscopy, sclerotherapy, variceal ligation, pneumatic dilation, bougienage, and laser therapy.
