ABSTRACT
Contents 12.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 220 12.2 Techniques Used ......................................................................... 221
12.2.1 Linear Physical Programming ........................................... 221 12.2.2 Analytic Network Process ................................................ 224 12.2.3 Goal Programming ......................................................... 225
12.3 Selection of End-of-Use Products .................................................. 226 12.3.1 Nomenclature ................................................................ 226 12.3.2 Model Formulation ........................................................ 226
12.3.2.1 Class 1S Criteria (Smaller-Is-Better) .................. 227 12.3.2.2 Class 2S Criteria (Larger-Is-Better) ................... 227
12.3.3 Numerical Example ........................................................ 228 12.4 Selection of Suppliers ................................................................... 232
12.4.1 Application of ANP ........................................................ 232 12.4.2 Application of Goal Programming .................................... 238
12.4.2.1 Nomenclature ................................................ 238 12.4.2.2 Problem Formulation ...................................... 240
12.5 Conclusions ................................................................................ 241 References .............................................................................................. 241
12.1 Introduction The current environmental trends threaten to radically alter the planet and many species upon it. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Municipal Solid Waste Fact Book, 15 states have less than 10 years of landfill space left and 6 states have less than 5 years of landfill space left [10]. Increased consumption results in increased use of raw material and energy, thereby depleting the world’s finite natural resources. Environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM) involves planning, developing, and implementing manufacturing processes and technologies that minimize or eliminate hazardous waste and reduce scrap [15]. Effectively, ECM means saving natural resources, energy, clean air and water, landfill space, and money. Additional benefits of ECM include safer and cleaner facilities, lower future costs for disposal, reduced environmental and health risks, and improved product quality at lower cost and higher productivity.
