ABSTRACT
Cold-formed steel members as shown in Figure 6.1 are widely used in building construction, bridge
construction, storage racks, highway products, drainage facilities, grain bins, transmission towers, car
bodies, railway coaches, and various types of equipment. These sections are cold-formed from carbon,
6.1 Introduction ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
6.2 Design Standards .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
6.3 Design Bases ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 Allowable Strength Design (United States and Mexico) Load and Resistance Factor Design (United States and Mexico) Limit States Design (Canada)
6.4 Materials and Mechanical Properties .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 Yield Point, Tensile Strength, and Stress-Strain Relationship Strength Increase from Cold Work of Forming Modulus of Elasticity, Tangent Modulus, and Shear Modulus Ductility
6.5 Element Strength ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11 Maximum Flat Width to Thickness Ratios Stiffened Elements under Uniform Compression Stiffened Elements with Stress Gradient Unstiffened Elements under Uniform Compression Uniformly Compressed Elements with an Edge Stiffener Uniformly Compressed Elements with Intermediate Stiffeners
6.6 Member Design ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20 Sectional Properties Linear Method for Computing Sectional Properties Tension Members Flexural Members Concentrically Loaded Compression Members Combined Axial Load and Bending Closed Cylindrical Tubular Members
6.7 Connections and Joints .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-41 Welded Connections Bolted Connections Screw Connections Rupture
6.8 Structural Systems and Assemblies .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46 Metal Buildings Shear Diaphragms Shell Roof Structures Wall Stud Assemblies Residential Construction Composite Construction
6.9 Computer-Aided Design and Direct Strength Method 6-52
Glossary... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-53
References .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-54
Further Reading ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-56
low-alloy steel, or stainless steel sheet, strip, plate, or flat bar in cold-rolling machines or by press brake
or bending brake operations. The thicknesses of such members usually range from 0.0149 in. (0.378 mm)
to about 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) even though steel plates and bars as thick as 1 in. (25.4 mm) can be cold-
formed into structural shapes.
