trans-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE

CASRN: 156-60-5; DOT: 1150 (isomeric mixture); DOT label: Flammable liquid; molecular formula: C2H2Cl2; FW: 96.94; RTECS: KV9400000; Merck Index: 12, 93 Physical state, color, and odor: Colorless, viscous liquid with a sweet, pleasant odor. Odor threshold concentration is 17 ppm (quoted, Amoore and Hautala, 1983). Melting point (°C): -50.0 (McGovern, 1943) Boiling point (°C): 47.4 (Sagnes and Sanchez, 1971) Density (g/cm3): 1.25680 at 20.00 °C, 1.21936 at 30.00 °C (Hahn and Svejda, 1996) 1.27 at 25 °C (isomeric mixture, Weiss, 1986) 1.2631 at 10 °C (quoted, Standen, 1964) 1.2546 at 25 °C (Dean, 1987) Diffusivity in water (x 10-5 cm2/sec): 1.03 at 20 °C using method of Hayduk and Laudie (1974) Flash point (°C): 2 (Sax, 1984) 4 (Fordyce and Meyer, 1940) Lower explosive limit (%): 9.7 (Sax, 1984) Upper explosive limit (%): 12.8 (Sax, 1984) Heat of fusion (kcal/mol): 2.684 (quoted, Riddick et al., 1986) Henry’s law constant (x 10-3 atm⋅m3/mol): 9.09 at 25 °C (EPICS, Gossett, 1987) 7.2 (Pankow and Rosen, 1988) 7.60 at 20.0 °C, 12.2 at 30.0 °C, 18.3 at 40.0 °C (equilibrium static cell, Wright et al., 1992) 12.1 at 37 °C (Sato and Nakajima, 1979) 0.59, 7.05, 8.57, 9.45, and 12.1 at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C, respectively (EPICS, Ashworth et al.,

1988) 7.9, 11.8, and 11.7 at 20, 30, and 40 °C, respectively (Tse et al., 1992) 10.1, 15.7, and 20.6 at 26.2, 35.0, and 46.1 °C, respectively (variable headspace method, Hansen

7.64 at 20.00 °C (inert gas stripping, Hovorka and Dohnal, 1997) 8.2 and 17.7 at 21.6 and 40.0 °C, respectively (variable headspace method, Shimotori and Arnold,

2002) 3.63 at 1.8 °C, 8.23 at 21.6 °C, 17.7 at 40.0 °C, 23.6 at 50 °C, 31.2 at 60 °C, 47.1 at 70 °C

(EPICS-GC, Shimotori and Arnold, 2003) 10.12 at 30 °C (headspace-GC, Sanz et al., 1997) Ionization potential (eV): 9.64 (Franklin et al., 1969) 9.95 (quoted, Horvath, 1982) Soil organic carbon/water partition coefficient, log Koc: 1.58 (Brusseau and Rao, 1991) Octanol/water partition coefficient, log Kow: 2.09 (Mabey et al., 1982) 2.06 (Hansch and Leo, 1985) Solubility in organics: Miscible with acetone, ethanol, and ether and very soluble in benzene and chloroform (U.S. EPA, 1985) Solubility in water: 6.3 g/kg at 25 °C (McGovern, 1943) 6,300 mg/L at 25 °C (Dilling, 1977) 6,260 mg/L at 25 °C (Kamlet et al., 1987) In mg/kg: 4,188 at 10 °C, 3,580 at 20 °C, 3,851 at 30 °C (shake flask-GC, Howe et al., 1987) Vapor density: 3.96 g/L at 25 °C, 3.35 (air = 1) Vapor pressure (mmHg): 185 at 10 °C, 265 at 20 °C, 410 at 30 °C (quoted, Standen, 1964) 340 at 25 °C (quoted, Howard, 1990) Environmental fate: Soil. In a methanogenic aquifer material, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene biodegraded to vinyl chloride (Wilson et al., 1986). Under anoxic conditions trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, when subjected to indigenous microbes in uncontaminated sediments, degraded to vinyl chloride (Barrio-Lage et al., 1986). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene showed slow to moderate degradation concomitant with the rate of volatilization in a static-culture flask-screening test (settled domestic wastewater inoculum) conducted at 25 °C. At concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/L, percent losses after 4 wk of incubation were 95 and 93, respectively. The amount lost due to volatilization was 26 to 33% after 10 d (Tabak et al., 1981). Biological. Heukelekian and Rand (1955) reported a 10-d BOD value of 0.05 g/g which is 7.6% of the ThOD value of 0.66 g/g. Photolytic. Carbon monoxide, formic and hydrochloric acids were reported to be photooxidation products (Gay et al., 1976). The following rate constants were reported for the reaction of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and ozone in the atmosphere: 1.8 x 10-19 cm3/molecule⋅sec at 298 K (Atkinson and Carter, 1984) and

constant of 1.11 x 10-16 cm3/molecule⋅sec for the gas-phase reaction with NO3 at 298 K. trans-1,2Dichloroethylene reacts with OH radicals in the gas-phase. At 740 mmHg, the following rate constants were determined: 2.24 x 10-12 cm3/molecule·sec at 293 K, 2.07 x 10-12 cm3/molecule·sec at 330 K, and 1.95 x 10-12 cm3/molecule·sec at 340 K (Yamada et al., 2001). The evaporation half-life of trans-1,2-dichloroethane (1 mg/L) from water at 25 °C using a shallow-pitch propeller stirrer at 200 rpm at an average depth of 6.5 cm was 24.0 min (Dilling, 1977). In batch kinetic tests, Yan and Schwartz (1999) investigated the oxidative treatment of chlorinated ethylenes in groundwater using potassium permanganate. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene reacted more quickly than cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene. The reaction rate decreased with an increasing number of chlorine substituents. The pseudo-firstorder rate constant and half-life for oxidative degradation (mineralization) of trans-1,2dichloroethyene were 3.00 x 10-2/sec and 424 sec, respectively. At influent concentrations of 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 mg/L, the GAC adsorption capacities at pH 6.7 were 3.0, 0.94, 0.29, and 0.09 mg/g, respectively (Dobbs and Cohen, 1980). Exposure limits (isomeric mixture): OSHA PEL: TWA 200 ppm (790 mg/m3); ACGIH TLV: TWA 200 ppm (adopted). Symptoms of exposure: Vapor inhalation may cause somnolence and ataxia. Narcotic at high concentrations (Patnaik, 1992). Toxicity: LC50 (contact) for earthworm (Eisenia fetida) 286 µg/cm2 (Neuhauser et al., 1985). LC50 (96-h) for bluegill sunfish 140 mg/L (Spehar et al., 1982). LC50 (48-h) for Daphnia magna 220 mg/L (LeBlanc, 1980). LC50 (24-h) for Daphnia magna 230 mg/L (LeBlanc, 1980). LD50 (gavage administration) for Wistar rats 1,263 mg/kg (Freundt et al., 1977). Acute oral LD50 for mice 2,122 mg/kg (quoted, RTECS, 1985); in Sprague-Dawley rats were 7,902 and 9,939 mg/kg for males and females, respectively (Hayes et al., 1987); for CD-1 mice via gavage administration were 2,212 and 2,391 mg/kg for males and females, respectively (Barnes et al., 1985). Drinking water standard (final): MCLG: 0.1 mg/L; MCL: 0.1 mg/L. In addition, a DWEL of 700 µg/L was recommended (U.S. EPA, 2000). Uses: A mixture of cis and trans isomers is used as a solvent for fats, phenols, camphor; ingredient in perfumes; low temperature solvent for sensitive substances such as caffeine; refrigerant; organic synthesis.