ABSTRACT
CASRN: 71-23-8; DOT: 1274; DOT label: Combustible liquid; molecular formula: C3H8O; FW: 60.10; RTECS: UH8225000; Merck Index: 12, 8027 Physical state, color, and odor: Colorless liquid with a mild, alcohol-like odor. Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were <75 µg/m3 (<31 ppbv) and 200 µg/m3 (81 ppbv), respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974). An odor threshold concentration of 100 ppbv was reported by Nagata and Takeuchi (1990). Melting point (°C): -126.06 (Huang et al., 2003) Boiling point (°C): 96.8 at 750 mmHg (Dejoz et al., 1996) 97.15 (Zhu et al., 2001) Density (g/cm3): 0.80357 at 20 °C (Patil et al., 1999) 0.79958 at 25.00 °C, 0.79548 at 30.00 °C (Nikam et al., 1998a) 0.79602 at 30.00 °C (Sekar and Naidu, 1996) 0.79141 at 35.00 °C, 0.78316 at 40.00 °C (George et al., 2002) 0.78729 at 40.00 °C (Comelli and Francesconi, 1997) 0.78729 at 50.00 °C (Lee et al., 1997a) Diffusivity in water (x 10-5 cm2/sec at 25 °C): 1.05 (Hao and Leaist, 1996) Dissociation constant, pKa: >14 (Schwarzenbach et al., 1993) Flash point (°C): 23.3 (closed cup), 27.2 (open cup) (Eastman, 1995) Lower explosive limit (%): 2.2 (NIOSH, 1997) Upper explosive limit (%): 13.7 (NIOSH, 1997) Heat of fusion (kcal/mol): 1.294 (quoted, Riddick et al., 1986) Henry’s law constant (x 10-6 atm⋅m3/mol): 10.2 at 25 °C (headspace-SPME, Bartelt, 1997)
6.12 at 25 °C (Burnett, 1963) 6.85 at 25 °C (Butler et al., 1935) 7.41 at 25 °C (Snider and Dawson, 1985) 7.94 at 25 °C (headspace-GC, Gupta et al., 2000) 15.2 at 37 °C (static headspace-GC, van Ruth et al., 2001) 3.30 at 15 °C, 7.11 at 25 °C, 18.0 at 35 °C, 37.1 at 45 °C (Cottrell and Mazza, 1997) 80.30 at 60 °C (headspace-GC, Chai and Zhu, 1998a) 3.68 at 25 °C (thermodynamic method-GC/UV spectrophotometry, Altschuh et al., 1999) 6.75 (static headspace-GC, Merk and Riederer, 1997) Ionization potential (eV): 10.1 (Franklin et al., 1969) 10.15 (NIOSH, 1997) Soil organic carbon/water partition coefficient, log Koc: 0.48 (Gerstl and Helling, 1987) Kd values of 0.945, 1.8, and 0.692 were reported Dowex 1-X2 (Cl-), Dowex 1-X2 [bis(2-
ethylhexyl) phthalate ion], and Dowex 1-X8 (SO4-2) resins, respectively (Small and Bremer, 1964)
Octanol/water partition coefficient, log Kow: 0.34 (shake flask-GLC, Hansch and Anderson, 1967) 0.25 (Hansch and Leo, 1979) 0.103 at 0 °C, 0.181 at 10 °C, 0.196 at 20 °C, 0.265 at 30 °C, 0.366 at 40 °C, 0.318 at 50 °C, 0.371
at 60 °C (shake flask-GC, Berg and Rankin, 2005) Solubility in organics: In mole fraction at 4.5 °C: 0.362 in triethylenetetramine, 0.370 hexamethylenediamine, 0.314 in N,N-dimethylacetamide, 0.110 in ethylene glycol, 0.363 in triethyl phosphate (Copley et al., 1941) Solubility in water: Miscible (Palit, 1947). A saturated solution in equilibrium with its own vapor had a concentration of 250.4 g/L at 25 °C (Kamlet et al., 1987). Vapor density: 2.46 g/L at 25 °C, 2.07 (air = 1) Vapor pressure (mmHg): 3.58 at 0.00 °C, 5.38 at 5.30 °C, 9.93 at 13.80 °C, 21.18 at 24.95 °C, 39.71 at 35.13 °C, 91.56 at
49.95 °C (static method, Munday et al., 1980) 14.5 at 20 °C (quoted, Verschueren, 1983) 28.7 at 30.2 °C (Dejoz et al., 1996) 51.8 at 40.00 °C (Comelli and Francesconi, 1997) Environmental fate: Biological. In activated sludge inoculum, following a 20-d adaptation period, 98.8% COD removal was achieved. The average rate of biodegradation was 71.0 mg COD/g⋅h (Pitter, 1976). Using the BOD technique to measure biodegradation, the mean 5-d BOD value (mM BOD/mM 1propanol) and ThOD were 2.70 and 60.0%, respectively (Vaishnav et al., 1987). Photolytic. Reported rate constants for the reaction of 1-propanol and OH radicals in the
L/molecule⋅sec (second-order) at 292 K (Campbell et al., 1976), 5.33 x 10-12 cm3/molecule⋅sec at 296 K (Overend and Paraskevopoulos, 1978). Based on an atmospheric OH concentration of 1.0 x 106 molecule/cm3, the reported half-life of 1-propanol is 1.5 d (Grosjean, 1997). Chemical/Physical. At an influent concentration of 1,000 mg/L, treatment with GAC resulted in an effluent concentration of 811 mg/L. The adsorbability of the carbon used was 38 mg/g carbon (Guisti et al., 1974). Exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 200 ppm (500 mg/m3), STEL 250 ppm (625 mg/m3), IDLH 800 ppm; OSHA PEL: TWA 200 ppm; ACGIH TLV: TWA 200, STEL 250 ppm (adopted). Symptoms of exposure: Ingestion causes headache, drowsiness, abdominal cramps, gastrointestinal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. May irritate eyes on contact (Patnaik, 1992). Toxicity: EC50 (48-h) for Spirostomum ambiguum 5.95 g/L (Nałecz-Jawecki and Sawicki, 1999), Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata 6.635g/L (Hsieh et al., 2006). EC50 (24-h) for Spirostomum ambiguum 7.99 g/L (Nałecz-Jawecki and Sawicki, 1999). EC50 (15-min) for Vibrio fischeri 9.75 g/L at pH 7.3 (Gustavson et al., 1998). LC50 (48-h) and LC50 (24-h) values for Spirostomum ambiguum were 12.4 and 12.5 mg/L, respectively (Nałecz-Jawecki and Sawicki, 1999). LC50 for red killifish 83.2 g/L (Yoshioka et al., 1980). Acute oral LD50 for mice 6,800 mg/kg, rats 1,870 mg/kg (quoted, RTECS, 1985). TLm (24-h) for brine shrimp 4,200 mg/L (Price et al., 1974). Uses: Solvent for cellulose esters and resins; in manufacturing of printing inks, nail polishes, polymerization and spinning of acrylonitrile, dyeing wool, polyvinyl chloride adhesives, esters, waxes, vegetable oils; brake fluids; solvent degreasing; antiseptic; organic synthesis.
