ABSTRACT
The technology of conventional mechanical springs has been developed over the past 100 years. Sufficient data are currently available on materials, design, and manufacture so that a designer can size a spring for a particular application. An excellent summary of the mechanical properties of spring materials, working formulas, and fabrication variables has been compiled by Carlson [1]. In addition, a number of excellent textbooks on mechanical design provide useful discussions on spring design [2-4].
