ABSTRACT
Standards and codes were established primarily to ensure safety against failure. The need for safety standards is obvious in a world growing increasingly aware of the hazards posed to people, property, and the environment by complex technology, which may have the potential for doing immense harm [la,lb]. The codes and standards give guidance and in some cases govern the design, manufacture, construction, operation, and maintenance of heat exchangers and pressure vessels. These codes and standards are themselves based upon research, develop ment, and experience. The present-day codes have their origin in the rules laid down by the insurance companies in the past for the safe operation of boilers and pressure vessels against explosions or accidents and consequential damage to the human lives and property.
