ABSTRACT
Contents 19.1 Introduction .............................................................................................227 19.2 Classical Computing versus Quantum Computing ................................. 228
19.2.1 Classical Computing .................................................................... 228 19.2.2 Quantum Computing .................................................................. 228
19.2.2.1 Superposition ..................................................................229 19.2.2.2 Quantum Parallelism......................................................230
19.3 Problems and Solutions in Quantum Computing ....................................230 19.3.1 Measurement ................................................................................230 19.3.2 Decoherence .................................................................................231
19.4 Applications for Quantum Computing ....................................................232 19.4.1 Quantum Encryption ...................................................................232 19.4.2 Quantum Neural Networks ..........................................................233
19.5 Future Work .............................................................................................233 19.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 234 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................235 References .........................................................................................................235
numerous transistors on computer chips, and Intel’s cofounder Gordon Moore stated that the numbers of transistors on a computer chip will double every 12 months.1 There are currently almost 108 numbers of transistors on the Pentium™ IV computer chip.1 The reason for this doubling effect is the demand for faster and more powerful computers. Transistors are components that are used for on and off switching within computer devices. For example, a transistor with an electrical charge is said to be in a state of one, and with no electrical charge is said to be in a zero state. Classical computers operate on the basis of binary computation. For example, a computer uses a number of transistor states of zeros and ones to represent a base-10 number. Through the use of logic gates, these strings of zeros and ones can be manipulated to produce a desired result. The problem that computer chip developers are now faced with is the constant reduction in computer chip size. The size and number of the transistors placed on computer circuitry is becoming close to atomic in scale.2 The problem with this atomic scale is that it is not bound by classical physics, but rather quantum physics.
