ABSTRACT
Choledocholithiasis is a common clinical condition. Approximately 10% of patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis have common bile duct stones. While the optimal method for treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones is controversial, surgeons with advanced laparoscopic skill have numerous options, which include the following: (1) observation, (2) postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) ± sphincterotomy (S), (3) open common bile duct exploration (CBDE), (4) transcystic laparoscopic CBDE, and (5) transductal laparoscopic CBDE.
