ABSTRACT
Like the defects created during laminate processing, more defects can occur during substrate manufacture. Given the similarity between laminates and substrates, some of the defects discussed in the laminate section also develop during substrate manufacture. Sometimes, defects are not detected at the laminate stage, but the abundance of steps required to produce a multilayered substrate precipitates some defects, and they become observable. These defects can impact the assembly process, because they can grow, reducing the reliability of the finished product. Some of the defects observed at the substrate level are discussed in this chapter.
