ABSTRACT
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1079 Bone Mineralization .............................................................................................................................................................. 1080
Metabolic Bone Diseases ................................................................................................................................................. 1081 Calcium and Vitamin D ......................................................................................................................................................... 1083 Other Macronutrients ............................................................................................................................................................ 1084 Micronutrients ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1087 Nutritional Recommendations in Metabolic Bone Diseases ................................................................................................ 1088
Osteoporosis .................................................................................................................................................................... 1088 Osteomalacia ................................................................................................................................................................... 1089 Renal Osteodystrophy ..................................................................................................................................................... 1089 Primary Hyperparathyroidism .......................................................................................................................................... 1090 Paget’s Disease ................................................................................................................................................................ 1090
Renal Stone Disease .............................................................................................................................................................. 1090 Calcium Oxalate/Phosphate Stones.................................................................................................................................. 1090 MgNH4PO4 Stones ........................................................................................................................................................... 1090 Cystine-Based Stones ....................................................................................................................................................... 1091 Uric Acid (Ureates) Stones............................................................................................................................................... 1091 Mixed Stones .................................................................................................................................................................... 1091 Bladder Stones ................................................................................................................................................................. 1091
References ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1091
The term macrominerals refers to those elements needed by the body in gram quantities on a daily basis (see: www.nap.edu). The category includes sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. While the body content of the fi rst three is relatively small because of high turnover, the body content of calcium and phosphorus, by comparison, is relatively large. All of these minerals serve several functions: as electrolytes, they play important roles in acid base balance and electrolyte exchange; some also serve in cell signal systems (calcium in particular), while all of them can be found in the bones and teeth.
