ABSTRACT
I. Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
II. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
III. Oil-in-Water Microemulsion Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
A. Microemulsion Compositions and Drug Extraction Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . 816
B. In Vitro and In Vivo Reversal of Drug-Induced Cardiac Arrest . . . . . . . . . . 820
C. Proposed Mechanism of Interaction of Drugs with Ethyl
Butyrate Microemulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
IV. Surface Modified Particle Toxin Receptor Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
A. Silica Particle Synthesis and Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
B. Covalent Attachment of p Receptor Aromatic Rings to Silica Particles . . . . 823 C. Functionalization of Oligochitosan with p Receptor Aromatic Rings . . . . . . 824 D. Background Information on Aromatic Charge Transfer Complexes . . . . . . . 824
E. NMR Evidence of p-p Complexation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 1. Solution Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
2. NMR Studies with Oligochitosan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
V. In Vitro and In Vivo Effectiveness of Dispersed
Phase with p Acceptors for Reducing Overdose Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 A. Derivatized Silica Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
B. Derivatized Oligochitosan Macromolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
VI. Microemulsions Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
VII. Conclusions and Path Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830
This chapter describes research by an interdisciplinary and international team focused on the prep-
aration and evaluation of some dispersions of nanomaterials having potential application for injec-
tion into overdosed humans and to reverse cardiac toxicity by absorbing or binding the toxin.
Specifically, the commonly overdosed therapeutics amiodarone, amitriptyline, and bupivacaine,
and the illicit drug cocaine, are the deleterious chemicals under consideration for rapid reduction
in concentration in blood.
