ABSTRACT
I. Introduction ......................................................................................10 II. Life History Characteristics and Ecologic Traits Related to
Decline Susceptibility ......................................................................12 A. Life Span and Sexual Maturity ..............................................12 B. Detectability of Population Declines.....................................14 C. Geographic Distribution..........................................................14
III. Threats Resulting from Alteration or Loss of Habitat...............15 A. Conversion to Agriculture ......................................................15 B. Deforestation .............................................................................16 C. Habitat Fragmentation ............................................................16 D. Aquatic Habitat Alteration .....................................................17 E. Coastal Development...............................................................17 F. Loss of Wetlands.......................................................................18 G. Other Habitat Issues ................................................................18
IV. Threats Resulting from Nonanthropogenic Causes ...................18 A. Disease........................................................................................18 B. Drought ......................................................................................19 C. Stochastic Events ......................................................................20
V. Commercial Exploitation and Unsustainable Use......................20 A. Consumptive Uses ...................................................................20 B. Commercial Trade ....................................................................22 C. Pet Trade ....................................................................................22
VI. Other Threats ....................................................................................23 A. Exotic and Invasive Species Introductions ..........................23 B. Indirect Impacts ........................................................................25
VII. Summary ...........................................................................................26 Literature Cited .........................................................................................27
