Index

A band, 1531, 1532F ABCA4 mutations, 778-779 Abetalipoproteinemia, 1021-1022 Abortive neovascular outgrowths

(ANVOs), 604, 605F Absidia corymbifea, 265 Acanthamoeba sp, 287-289 cyst in endophthalmitis, 287, 288F infection, 287-289 life cycle, 287 morphology, 287 trophozoite in brain, 287, 288F

Accidental injury, 333, 351 Aceruloplasminemia, 1054-1055 Achiasmia, 1144 Achromatopsia, 772, 772T Acid ceramidase, 913 Acid hydrolases, 858-860, 951 Acid injuries, 346 acidic agents, 346 effect of, 346

Acid phosphatase, 692, 954 Acid storage disease, 860 Acid b-glucosidase, 914-915 Acinus, 1327-1328, 1328F, 1330 Acquired conjunctival melanocytic

nevus, 1261-1263 Acquired nevus, 1256-1257 common nevus, 1256-1257 dysplastic nevus, 1257 epithelioid nevus, 1257 Spitz nevus, 1257

Acral lentiginous melanoma, 1258-1259

Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 1056 Actin filaments, 803 Actinic keratosis, 620, 1211-1212,

1211F-1212F Activated T-helper cells, 1042 Active peptides, 1307 Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis,

1506-1507 Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

syndrome, 192 Acute hydrops, 686 Acute keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), 190,

621 Acute transforming viruses, 1167

Adaptive immunity, 53 Adaptive tolerance, 298 Addisonian pernicious anemia,

1069-1070 Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors,

865-866 Adenocarcinomas, 1244-1245 ciliary pigmented epithelium,

1245-1246 iris pigment epithelium, 1246-1247 nonpigmented ciliary epithelium,

1244-1245 RPE, 1246

Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 1329-1331, 1333F-1335F

Adenomas, 1245 ciliary pigmented epithelium,

1245-1246 iris pigment epithelium, 1246-1247 nonpigment ciliary epithelium,

1244-1245 RPE, 1246

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), 1202

Adenoviral keratitis, 164F Adenoviruses, 161-164, 1166 clinical presentation, 163 diagnosis, 164 infection, 163 transmission, 163 virology, 161, 163

Adenylate cyclase, 463 Adherence, definition, 216 Adhesion proteins, 809, 1176 Adipocytic tumors, soft tissue,

1378-1380 Adjuvant, definition, 52 Adoptive transfer, 59 Adrenaline, 462 Adrenoleukodystrophies, 1506-1508 adrenomyeloneuropathy, 1507 autosomal neonatal

adrenoleukodystrophy, 1507

childhood adrenoleukodystrophy, 1507

metabolic defect and pathogenesis, 1508

Adult onset primary open-angle glaucoma, 739-742

Adverse drug reactions, ocular, 1082 chemicals, 1082-1083 drugs, 1083-1085 herbal supplements, 1089 injectable compounds, 1085 intraoperative compounds, 1085 nutritional supplements, 1089 systemic compounds, 1085-1089 systemic drugs for eye, 1089

Aedes aegypti mosquito, 166 Afferent immune response, 53-55 Aflatoxin, 250, 1165 African trypanosomiasis, 283-284 Aged population, 361-363 cause of enlarging, 361-363

Age-related changes, 1440-1443 in arteries, 1440-1441 in arterioles, 1441-1442 in B-cell activity, 364 in capillaries, 1442 in mouth, 368 in veins, 1442

Age-related eye disease study (AREDS), 376, 498

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 371-386, 1029-1030, 1478

advanced, 376-381 choroidal neovascularization,

379-381 geographic atrophy, 376-377 pigment epithelial detachments,

377-381 subtypes, 376

deposits accumulating under the RPE during evolution, 375F

early, 374-376 etiology, 381-386 oxidation theory, 383 vascular theory, 383

genetics, 381-382 hemodynamic model, 383 histopathology, 372-381 pathogenesis, 381-386 prevalence, 372 role of inflammation in, 385

Age-related maculopathy. See Age related macular degeneration (AMD)

Age-related nuclear cataract, 473-477 cellular events leading to, 481T epidemiology, 474-475 etiology, 475-477 pathogenesis, 475-477 risk factors, 474-475 yellow pigmentation and, 484

Age-related syneresis, 596-597 Aggrecan, 880 Aging, 356-369, 393-399 cytoskeletal components of lens, 394 in different organs, 364 cardiovascular system, 366-367 endocrine system, 365-366 gastrointestinal system, 368-369 hematology system, 364-365 immunology system, 364-365 neurologic system, 365 renal system, 367-368 respiratory system, 368

theories of, 363-364 AIDS, 172 ophthalmic manifestations, 1492 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in, 260 severe retinopathy due to

cytomegalovirus infection, 172F AIPL1 mutations, 770 AKT pathway, 39 Albinism, 953-964, 1128-1130 categories, 1129 classification, 955-962 impaired hearing in, 964 nature of melanosomes in, 962 ophthalmic features, 963-964 pathology, 962-963 site of metabolic defect, 954F types, 959T-960T

Albinoidism. See Albinism Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH),

808-809 Aldolase B, 1009, 1010F Aldose reductase, 488 Alexander disease, 1508-1509 Alkali injury, 344-345 damage by, 344-345 destruction by, 345 end-stage effects of alkali burn, 344F loss of corneal epithelium, 344

Alkaptonuria, 964-965 biochemical diagnosis, 964 site of metabolic defect, 965F

Allele-specific PCR, 647-648 Alopecia, 122, 679 a-1 antitrypsin deficiency, 803 aA-crystallin, 452 aB-crystallin, 452 a-Chymotrypsin, 418 a-crystallins, 447-448, 716-717, 811

[a-crystallins] protective effect of, 448T genes for, 716-717 exon organization and mutation

profile of the genes for, 718F a-galactosidase A, 921 a-mannosidosis, 944-946 biochemistry, 945 clinical findings, 944 ocular findings, 944

a-neuraminidase, 941-942, 948 Alport syndrome, 995, 1050, 1139 Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, 1386F Alveolar soft part sarcoma, 1388 Alzheimer disease (AD), 376, 1511-1513 neuritic plaques of, 1512 sulcal widening in, 1512F types, 1511

Amaurosis fugax, 133, 1446 Amblyopia, 1069, 1072, 1521-1528 brain in, 1526-1527 classification, 1523-1524 definition, 1521 neural circuitry in, 1525-1526 origin, 1521-1523

AMD. See Age related macular degeneration

Amebiasis, 290 Amenorrhea, 1008 American trypanosomiasis, 284-286 Amino acidopathies, 967T featuring ocular involvement, 967T

Amino acids, disorders of, 970-973 canavan disease, 973 familial hyperlysinemia, 972 hyperornithinemia, 970-972 lowe syndrome, 972-973 taurine deficiency, 973

Aminopeptidase HI, 462 2-oxoacid aminotransferase (OAT),

970-972 Amiodarone, 1086-1087 corneal verticillata from, 1087F ocular adverse drug reaction, 1080T

Amish infantile epilepsy syndrome, 909 Ammonia hydroxide (NH4OH), 344 Amyloid, 441-442, 661, 836-838 composition, 836-838 deposits, 838 fibrils, 837, 840 in GCD, 661 nomenclature, 836 pathogenesis, 838-839 proteins and their precursors, 837T types of, 839

Amyloid polyneuropathy, 843-844 Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 441,

841, 1513 Amyloidosis, 130, 607, 835-848 definition, 835 different varieties, 840-843

[Amyloidosis] etiology, 838-839 ocular involvement in, 848 pathogenesis, 838-839 types, 839 of vitreous, 607

Amyloid-related blood proteins, 811 Anaphylaxis, 298 ANCA-associated systemic vasculitides

(AASV), 128 Anchoring fibrils, 988 Anencephaly, 1119, 1119F, 1120F Anergy, 56 Aneurysmal bone cysts, 1399-1400 Aneurysmal dilatation, 129, 1451,

1459, 1467 Aneurysms, 1451-1452 acquired, 1452 congenital, 1451-1452

Angiogenesis, 1345, 1473-1479 AMD, 1478 angiogenic factors, 1474-1475 angiostatic factors, 1475-1476 choroidal neovascularization, 1478 definition, 1473 in diabetic retinopathy, 1477 modulators, 1475-1476 in ocular diseases, 1476-1479 physiological, 1476 process, 1473-1474 retinopathy of prematurity, 1478-1479

Angiogenic growth factors, 381 Angioid streaks, 564, 567 fractures of Bruch membrane

rendered brittle by calcification, 568F

histological examination, 564 propensity for formation, 564 in pseudoxanthoma, 567F

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, 1341-1342

Angiopoietin-1 (ANG1), 1476 Angiopoietin-2 (ANG2), 1476 Angiopoietins, 1476 Angiosarcoma, 1347, 1350 histopathology, 1347 involving skin, 1350F

Aniridia, 644, 748, 1130-1131 characteristics, 1130 cornea and, 1131 genetics, 644, 1130 glaucoma and, 1131 histopathology, 749 ocular findings, 748F phenotypic variability, 1131F

Anisometropes, 1523-1525 Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 130-131,

131F Anopheles mosquitoes, 292 Anophthalmia, 1070, 1117-1121 Anorexia, 133, 166, 1089

Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), 55

Anterior crocodile shagreen, 626-627 Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

(AION), 1451 Anterior lenticonus, 1139 Anterior mosaic dystrophy. See Anterior

crocodile shagreen Anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy,

583 Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD),

743, 746-750, 1136-1139 morphological abnormalities in, 1137T phenotypes seen in, 743F variant of, 745F

Anterior segment tissues, 425, 529-530 effects of a raised IOP on, 425-426

Anterior subcapsular cataract, 995 Anterior uveal metastatic tumors, 1179 Anterograde axonal transport, 435 Anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-ACR)

antibodies, 1537-1538, 1541-1542

Antibodies, 49 classes of, 49 functions of, 55 shape of, 55

Anticholinergic side effects, 1084 Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide

(anti-CCP), 112 Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 48,

53-54, 148 Antigens, 52-53, 1041 insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1),

1041 CD antigens, 48

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), 127

testing for, 127 Antiviral agents, 161 Aortitis, 132 ApoA Milano, 1025 Apolipoproteins, 840, 1019 Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), 35 Apoptosis, 25-26, 29-42 concept, 30 convergence, 36 in disease, 40-42 endoplasmic reticulum and, 38 inhibitors, 38 pathways, 30-36 extrinsic apoptotic pathways, 30-33 intrinsic apoptotic pathways, 33-36

regulatory mechanisms, 38-39 AKT pathway, 39 JNK pathway, 39 Myc pathway, 38-39 NFkB pathway, 39

reparative responses, 42 versus autophagy, 30 versus necrosis, 30

Apoptotic cells, elimination of, 40, 40F Aquaporin 0, 393, 446, 453, 723 Aqueous humor drainage, 404-406, 412,

423, 424 routes of, 404-406

Aqueous humor outflow tract, 1103 Arachnoid gliomatosis, 1357 Arboviruses, 161 Armillifer armillatus, 330 larva in conjunctival nodule, 328F larva removed from conjunctiva, 327F

Arrestin, 53, 57, 818, 1308 Arteries, 367, 1438-1439 thickening of, 367

Arterioles, 1439, 1442 structure, 1439

Arteriovenous fistulas, 1468 Arteriovenous malformations, 1198,

1348-1349 in Wyburn-Mason syndrome, 1198

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, 1551-1552

Arthropods, 321-330 vectors of infectious diseases, 321

Arthropods assault, 325-328 by biting, 327 black fly bite, 326-327 blister beetle exposure, 327-328 caterpillar exposure, 328 hymenopteran stings, 326 inflammatory response, 327 louse infection, 325-326 millipede exposure, 327 tick bites, 326

Arthus reaction, 59 Ascariasis, 306-308 ocular lesions, 307

Ascaris lumbricoides, 306 Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C Aspergillosis, 251-252, 268 branching septated hyphae of, 253F in intraocular fungal infections,

267-269 in orbit, 270

Aspergillus, 64, 251-252 choroiditis, 252F endophthalmitis, 251F intraocular fungal infections, 268 orbital infection by, 270

Aspergillus niger, 265 Asporin, 879 Astaxanthin, 1064F Asteroid hyalosis, 263, 605-606 Astrocytic hamartomas, 1191-1193 Astrocytoma, 1195F, 1355-1358 Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), 1196-1197 bulbar conjunctival telangiectasis,

1198F clinical findings, 1197 frequency, 1196 nonocular findings, 1197

Atherosclerosis, 22, 385, 1019, 1452-1454 Atopy, 687-688 Atrial natriuric peptide (ANP), 840 Atrial natriuric peptide amyloidosis

(AANF), 840 Atrophy, 12-13 Autoimmune retinopathy, 568-569 Autoimmune thyroid disease. See

Dysthyroid eye disease Autoimmunity, 442 and induction of tolerance, 57

Autonomic nervous system, 1363 tumors, 1363-1367

Autophagy, 3, 29-30, 859 Autosomal dominant cone

dystrophy, 774 Autosomal dominant cone-rod

dystrophy, 775 Autosomal dominant optic atrophy

(ADOA), 784-785 clinical features, 784 genetics, 785 histopathology, 784-785 visual acuity, 784

Autosomal recessive cone dystrophy, 774

Autosomal recessive disorder, 642, 968, 1021, 1025-1026

Autosomal-dominant disorders, 643 Avihepadnavirus, 168 Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, 744F,

1137-1138, 1139F Axonal degeneration, 916 Axonal transport blockade, 435, 436 Axons, 434 organization within the nerve

fiber layer of rhesus monkeys, 434F

B cells, 49 activity, 364 age-related changes in, 364

activation of, 55 adaptive humoral immunity, 49

Bacillary angiomatosis, 1341, 1342F Bacillus cereus, 225, 226F Bacteria corneal ulcer by, 221F immune response to, 214 phagocytosis of, 215 requirements for growth, 214 toxins by, 217 botulinum toxin (botox), 217 C2 toxin, 217 C3 toxin, 217

Bacterial adherence, 216 Bacterial adhesins, 216 fimbrial, 216 nonfimbrial, 216

Bacterial capsule, 216-217 and cell wall, 216-217 polymer coatings, 216

Bacterial pathogenicity, determinants, 216-218

bacterial adherence, 216 bacterial capsule and cell wall,

216-217 bacterial toxins, 217 endotoxins, 217 exotoxins, 217

biofilm, 217-218 other virulence factors, 218 plasmids, 218

“Bamboo spine”, 130, 131F Bancroftian filariasis, 311-312 ocular lesions, 311

Bartonella henselae, 228 Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 1214-1215 nodular and centrally ulcerated

lesion, 1215F Basal laminar deposits (BLDs), 374 early form, 374 late form, 374

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), 1097 Basophilic calcified granules, 626 Baylisascariasis, 307 ocular lesions, 307

Baylisascaris procyonis, 307 B-cell lymphomas, 1422-1423 Bcl-2 family proteins, 34-36 Beaded filament structural protein 2

(BFSP2), 724 Behc¸et disease (BD), 136-139, 1487-1488 Bence-Jones proteins, 842 Benign bone neoplasms, 1404-1407 Benign fibro-osseous lesions, 1400-1404 Benign tumor, 1164, 1209, 1328, 1380 epidermis, 1209-1212 lacrimal gland, 1328-1329 lacrimal sac, 1334-1335 sebaceous glands, 1219 of smooth muscle tumors, 1380 sweat gland, 1217

Bergmeister papilla, 1096F, 1141 Best disease, 779-781, 780F Bestrophin, 781 b2-microglobulin-derived amyloid

(Ab2M), 840 bB2-crystallin dimer structure, 450F b-crystallins, 395, 448-451, 717-719 genes for, 717-719 exon organization and mutation

profile of the genes for, 718F b-galactosidase, 902-905 Beta-amyloid (Ab), 840 Beta-carotene, 385, 1064F Beta-lysin, 214 Betaxolol, 440 Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD),

782-783

Biglycan, 543, 879 Bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic

proliferation, 1274-1288 Biofilms, 217-218 Biologic aging, definition, 362 Birbeck granules, 4, 5F Birefringent cholesterol crystals, 676 BK polyomavirus, 195 Black fly bite, 326-327 Blastomyces dermatitidis, 250, 260, 270 Bleblike dystrophy, 628 Blepharitis, 1513 Blepharoconjunctivitis, 326 Blepharophimosis, 1554 Blindness, 371, 471, 1478 and cataract, 471

Blister beetles, 327 Blood carrier proteins, 798, 809 amyloid-related blood proteins, 811 fibrinogen, 811 hemoglobin, 810-811

glucose levels, regulation of, 1010 vessels, 135, 1437-1443

Blood-ocular barrier, 1431 Blood-retina barrier, 559 damage to, 559-560

Blue cone monochromatism (BCM), 773

Blue nevus, 1254-1255, 1261 conjunctiva, 1261 eyelids, 1254 formation, 1254 types, 1255

Blunt ocular trauma, 335 Blur hypothesis, 546 Bone, 914 infarction, 914 necrosis, 914 scarring, 914

Bone marrow, 910 sea-blue histiocytes, 910, 912 transplantation, 865

Bordetella pertussis, 216 Bornholm eye disease (BED), 548 Borrelia burgdorferi, 215, 229-230 Botulinum toxin (botox), 217, 1085 Botulism, 217 Bourneville disease. See Tuberous

sclerosis Bowen disease, 1212 Bowman layer, 689, 989 Brachiola sp., 290 Bradyzoites, 280 Brain, 914 Acanthamoeba trophozoite in, 288F in amblyopia, 1526-1527 coronal section through cerebral

hemispheres showing plaques, 1501F

lesions, 1192

[Brain] undifferentiated medullary

epithelium, 1244F Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

(BDNF), 439 Brimonidine, 440, 1083 Brittle cornea syndrome, 998 Brown tumors, 1399 Brown-McLean syndrome, 355 Bruch membrane, 259, 336 aging changes of, 372-374 diffusion through, 373 layers of, 373 rupture of, 336F

Brugia malayi, 311 Brugia timori, 311 Brunescent cataract, 483-484 Brushfield spots, 1055, 1126-1127 Bulk flow system, 403 Bull eye dystrophy, 763F Bungee cord injuries, 335 Bunyaviruses, 164-166 Buphthalmos, 734 Bursitis, 110

C2 toxin, 217 C3 toxin, 217 Cadherin 23, 766 Cafe´ au lait spots, 1188-1189, 1189F,

1194, 1363 Calciferol, 1070 Calcific band keratopathy, 624-625 Calcineurin, 441 Calcitonin-derived amyloid (ACal), 841 Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), 1051 Calgranulin C, 818 Calmodulin, 453, 454, 463 Calpains, 461-462 Canavan disease, 973, 1508 Cancer-associated retinopathy

(CAR), 568 Candida albicans, 269 Candida guilliermondii, 266 Candida sp, 64, 252-253, 268 choroiditis due to, 256 conjunctival infection by, 265 corneal ulcer with prominent

hypopyon due to, 254F Candidate genes, 649, 687 Candidiasis, 252-253, 265 diagnosis, 252 in conjunctiva, 265 in intraocular fungal infections, 268

Canthaxanthin, 1064F CanvaxinÔ, 152 Capillaries, 1439-1440, 1442 age-related changes, 1442

Capillary aneurysms, 1453F, 1454 events preceding formation of, 1454F

Capnocytophaga, 220-221 Capsid, 156 Capsular glaucoma, 418 Carbamylation, 498 Carcinogen, 1164 Carcinogenesis, 1163, 1164-1166 chemical, 1165-1166 environmental, 1164-1166 multistep disease process, 1164 by oncogenes, 1167-1169 stability genes, 1170 tumor suppressor genes, 1169-1170

Carcinoid tumors, 1179 Cardiomegaly, 129, 872, 903 Cardiovascular system, 366-367 aging changes in, 366-367

Carney complex, 1200-1201 Cushing syndrome in, 1200 ophthalmic findings, 1200-1201

Carotenoids, 1064F, 1065, 1068 Carrier-mediated transport systems, 860 Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein

(COMP), 126 Cartilaginous neoplasms, 1409 Case-control association studies, 650 Caseous necrosis, 25 Caspase coactivator, 35 Caspase-recruitment domain

(CARD), 1425 Caspases, 32-38 Cataract grading systems, 473 Cataract, 470-490, 511, 1009, 1073 animal models of, 495-496 biochemistry of, 495-501 blindness and, 471 causes of unfolding of lens proteins in,

497-498 classification, 471 criteria for causes of, 498-501 crystallin genes and, 714, 716 definition, 470 formation, 445, 472-473 glycation and, 499-501 ideal criteria to test factors as

initiating factors in, 501T in developmental zones of the lens,

471-472 inherited versus age-related, 725-726 molecular genetics of, 713-726 and non crystallin genes, 720-724 nutritional aspects of, 1073 oxidation and, 498-499 PEX and, 511 prevalence, 471 sutural, 485

Cataract-associated glaucoma, 418 Catarrhal conjunctivitis, 219 Caterpillar exposure, 330 CatFr mutation, 723, 724 Cat-scratch disease, 228 Caucasian French cohort, 548

Cavernous hemangioma, 1344-1345, 1345F

CD antigens, 48T CD3 molecule, 51 CD4+ Tcells, 55-56 groups of, 55 Th1 helper cells, 55-56 Th2 helper cells, 55-56

Cells becoming tumor cells, 1167 cellular adaptation, 11-14 culture studies, 668 macular corneal dystrophy, 668-670

cycle, 7-8 cytoplasm, 1-4 death, 24-26 degeneration, 646 filaments, 5 of immune system, 47-52 injury, 14-16 categories, 16 causes, 14 free radicals and, 15 mechanisms, 14-16

junctions, 6-7 mediated immunity, 125, 215 nucleus, 1 types, 8-11

Cell surface markers, 47-52 Cellular adaptations, 11-14 Cellular immunity, function of, 148 Cellular proliferation, 580 proliferative vitreoretinopathy, 580F

Central retinal vein occlusion, 1448, 1450

ischemic, 1450 nonischemic, 1450

Central serous choroidopathy, 561-562 Central serous retinopathy, 561-562 Centronuclear myopathy, 1552-1553 Cephalosporium sp., 266 Ceramidase, 913 Ceramide, 902, 931 chemical structure, 902F

Cerebellar atrophy, 931 Cerebellar hemangioblastoma, 1187F Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome, 1055 Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, 1026 CERKL mutations, 765 Ceruloplasmin, 1055 Cervicitis, 132 Cestodes, 301-306 development, 302 diseases due to, 301-306 coenurosis, 306 cysticercosis, 302-303 echinococcosis, 303-306

Chagas disease. See American trypanosomiasis

Chandler syndrome, 423, 363 Chaperones, 811

Charcot-Leyden crystals, 299 Che´diak-Higashi syndrome, 958, 960 Chemokine receptors, 136 Cherry red spots, 864, 904, 913 Cherry-red spot-myoclonus

syndrome, 942 Cherubism, 1403 Child abuse homicide, 339 diffuse intraretinal hemorrhage, 339F

Chlamydia antigen detection tests, 237 clinical features of infections caused

by, 238 culture, 237 cytology, 237 detection, 237 developmental cycle, 236-237 attachment, 236 endocytosis, 236 intracellular survival, 236-237 release, 236-237 replication, 236-237

detection of, 241 diseases caused by, 238-240 epidemiology, 238-241 forms during developmental

cycle, 235 nucleic acid amplification tests, 238 nucleic acid hybridization, 237-238 pathophysiology, 241-244 relationship between clinical signs

and detection of, 241 serological tests for, 237 structure, 235-236

Chlamydia pneumoniae, 241 infections, 241

Chlamydia psittaci, 64, 235, 240-241 infections, 240-241

Chlamydia trachomatis, 235 Chloroquine, 1086-1087 Cholesterol granuloma, 1397-1398 Cholesterolosis bulbi, 606-607 Chondroitin sulfate chains, 593 Chondrosarcoma, 1409-1411 areas affected by, 1409 treatment, 1409

Chordoma, 1413 Choreoathetosis, 1197 Choriocapillaris, 73-74, 374 aging changes of, 374

Chorioretinal adhesion, 342 Chorioretinal gyrate atrophy. See

Hyperornithinemia Chorioretinitis, 137, 167 Choroid, 337, 537 closed globe injury, 337-338 disorders of, 537

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV), 372, 379-381, 779

serous retinal detachment, 379F starting of, 379

Choroideremia (CHM), 783 Choroiditis, 253 due to Candida in the choriocapillaris,

256F by Pneumocystis carinii, 260

Christmas tree cataract, 480-481 bright punctate objects of, 483F opacities of, 480

Chromaffin cells, 1366 Chromatography, 833-334 Chromosomal abnormalities, 644, 1126 trisomy 13, 1127 trisomy 18, 1127 trisomy 21, 1126-1127

Chromosomal studies, retinoblastoma, 1301

Chromosome 21, 644, 647, 1116, 1126 Chronic actinic keratopathy, 618-622 cause of, 620 electron-dense deposits among

collagen fibrils in corneal stroma in, 620F

grades of, 619 pathogenesis, 620-622 prevalence of, 619

Chronic ocular ischemia, 1446 CHST6 gene, 667 mutations in, 667-673 macular corneal dystrophy, 667-673

Churg-Strauss syndrome, 128, 1491 versus polyarteritis nodosa, 1491

Chylomicron retention disease, 1021-1023

Chylomicrons, 1020 Cilia, 4, 6 disorders of, 20

Ciliary body, 513, 515, 1104 development, 1104-1105 melanomas, 1284-1286

Ciliary cysts, 1247 Ciliary pigmented epithelium, 1245 adenocarcinomas, 1245-1246 adenomas, 1245-1246

Cirrhosis, 910 Clark levels, 1260 Clathrin, 858 Climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK).