ABSTRACT
The Voltage Follower.................................................................. 385
11.4.3 ‘‘Active Shielding’’ with a Voltage Follower — A Patent
Solution for Interference? ............................................................ 385
11.4.4 ‘‘Inverting Amplifiers’’ — Help with the Measurement
of Current.................................................................................... 386
11.4.5 A Little Secret: Component Dimensioning for OPA Circuits ..... 387
11.4.6 The Noninverting Amplifier ........................................................ 389
11.4.7 The Instrumentation Amplifier — A ‘‘Jack-of-All-Trades’’ ........ 390
11.4.8 The Three-Electrode Cell and the Potentiostat ........................... 391
11.4.9 The Simplest Possible Potentiostat: A Modified
Noninverting Amplifier ............................................................... 392
11.4.10 The ‘‘Catch’’ in the Three-Electrode Arrangement ..................... 395
11.4.11 The Galvanostat — The Complement to the Potentiostat .......... 396
11.4.12 The ‘‘Best’’ Is Just Good Enough — But What Is the ‘‘Best?’’.... 397
11.4.13 The Role of the Earth Potential .................................................. 398
11.4.14 The Computer as a Measurement Slave ...................................... 402
11.4.15 A/D and D/A Converter Families, Functional Principles,
Intended Applications, and Conversion Parameters ................... 404
11.5 The Standard Electrochemical Methods from the Point of
View of Instrumentation Technology......................................................... 409
11.5.1 Passive Measurements of Equilibrium Potentials ........................ 410
11.5.2 Static System Control .................................................................. 411
11.5.3 Measurements with Varying but Steady-State Potential
and Current ................................................................................. 412
11.5.4 Dynamic Methods ....................................................................... 414
11.5.5 Dynamic Pulse Methods.............................................................. 414
11.5.6 Linear Voltammetry .................................................................... 415
11.5.7 Current Interruption Methods .................................................... 418
11.5.8 Electrochemical Impedance Measurement .................................. 419
11.5.9 The Construction and Electrical Connection
of Electrochemical Cells .............................................................. 427
References ............................................................................................................ 434
11.1 INTRODUCTION
Electrochemistry has developed into a key science in many areas currently under
development. To take just a few of the most recent examples, we might mention
hydrogen technology, microelectronics, nanotechnologies, and sensor elements.
