ABSTRACT
I. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 473
II. First-Generation Blood Substitutes ................................................................................ 473
A. Polyhemoglobin ...................................................................................................... 473
B. Glutaraldehyde Cross-Linked Human Pyridoxalated Polyhemoglobin ................ 474
C. Glutaraldehyde Cross-Linked Bovine Polyhemoglobin ........................................ 475
D. Other Types of Modified Hemoglobin .................................................................. 476
III. Second-Generation Blood Substitutes ........................................................................... 477
A. Polyhemoglobin-Superoxide Dismutase-Catalase in Ischemia Reperfusion ..... 477
IV. Third-Generation Blood Substitutes .............................................................................. 477
A. Hemoglobin Lipid Vesicles ................................................................................... 477
B. Nanodimension Artificial Red Blood Cells with Biodegradable Polymeric
Membrane ............................................................................................................... 477
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... 478
References ................................................................................................................................... 478
The first report on artificial cells, including artificial red blood cells, was published as early as
Our early research shows the feasibility of artificial cells in biotechnology including blood
substitutes, enzyme therapy, cell encapsulation, drug delivery, and other applications
(Figure 31.1).
