Ecology and Biomechanics of Slippery Wax Barriers and Wax Running in Macaranga–Ant Mutualisms

Macaranga ...................................................................................................165 8.2.1 Protection of Specific Ant Partners against Generalist Ants...........165 8.2.2 Effect of Wax Barriers on Host Specificity.....................................165 8.2.3 Evolution of Macaranga Wax Barriers ...........................................167 8.2.4 Adaptive Syndromes of Ant Associations in Waxy and

Nonwaxy Macaranga Ant-Plants ....................................................168 8.2.4.1 Ant Traits ..........................................................................168 8.2.4.2 Host Plant Traits ...............................................................168 8.2.4.3 Evolution of Adaptive Syndromes ...................................169