ABSTRACT
Introduction ............................................................................................ 94 Aquatic Biotoxins in Seafood and Fresh Water..................................... 94
Marine Toxins ..................................................................................... 95 Shellfish .......................................................................................... 95
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning..................................................... 95 Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning .................................................... 97 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning ..................................................... 99 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning ............................................... 100
Fish................................................................................................ 101 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning ........................................................ 101 Pufferfish Poisoning................................................................. 103
Pfiesteria piscicida
Poisoning .................................................... 104 Freshwater Toxins ............................................................................ 105
Cyanobacterial Toxins.................................................................. 105 Mycotoxins............................................................................................ 106
Aflatoxins.......................................................................................... 107 Ochratoxin A .................................................................................... 108 Patulin ............................................................................................... 109 Deoxinivalenol.................................................................................. 109 Citrinin.............................................................................................. 110 Fumonisins ....................................................................................... 110 T-2 Toxin ............................................................................................111 Zearalenone ...................................................................................... 112
Bacterial Toxins..................................................................................... 112 Toxicoinfections ................................................................................ 113 Intoxications ..................................................................................... 115
References ............................................................................................. 117
The focus of this chapter is on aquatic (marine and freshwater) toxins, fungal toxins, and bacterial toxins. In order of economic significance, bacterial toxins are the most important, followed by mycotoxins and aquatic biotoxins. Bacterial toxins have the highest significance with respect to public health as well. Although mycotoxins have been responsible for individual acute poisoning outbreaks, primary concerns regarding mycotoxin contamination in foods and feeds are related to both human illnesses due to long-term, lowlevel exposure and animal health. On the other hand, although there is a paucity of information on aquatic biotoxins, contamination of seafoods with these toxins has the highest potential human health risks because of the widespread distribution of susceptible seafoods and the etiology of toxin production and subsequent accumulation.