ABSTRACT
Reproduction is a complex process requiring exquisite integration of signals along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in both males and females. To be suc-
cessful, functional gametes must be produced, matured, released, and transported effectively. Specific behavioral repertoires also must be executed precisely to ensure mating and fertilization with optimal timing. Our current state of knowledge about the physiological, biochemical, and
understanding, male reproductive physiology would be expected to be impacted by chemicals that act through a variety of mechanisms, including disruption of the cell cycle or chromosome movement in dividing cells (spermatogonia) and those undergoing meiotic processes (spermatocytes); damage to DNA, especially during DNA repair-deficient stages (condensed spermatids); and interference with endocrine/paracrine signaling that is vital to the regulation and integration of reproductive function.
