ABSTRACT
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Immunophenotyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Functional Flow Cytometry for Evaluation of Immunotoxicity and Mechanism of Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Cell Cycle and Proliferation Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Indicators of Cell Injury and Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Extracellular Markers of Cell Activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Intracellular Functional and Biochemical Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Use of Antibodies to Evaluate Intracellular Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Measuring T Cell Activation In Vivo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
T Cell Receptor (TCR) Transgenic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 MHC-Peptide Tetramer Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Coupling Flow Cytometry with Image Analysis-Assessing the Role of Macrophages in Tissue Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Conclusions and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
The continual development and evolution of novel and powerful technologies has allowed scientists to answer increasingly complex questions about the basic mechanisms underlying cellular homeostasis for the benefi t of human health. Our understanding of how cells proliferate, thrive, adapt, and die in response to numerous environmental
conditions are at the heart of the fi elds of pharmacology and toxicology. The study of fl uorescently labeled cells allows for an extension of our understanding of the consequences of various compounds on both the life and death of a cell. As such, fl ow cytometry has become a valuable technique for the study of toxicological effects as they relate to human health.
