ABSTRACT
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Cytokine Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Selective Costimulatory Modulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 T-Cell Targeted Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 B-Cell Targeted Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Anti-Adhesion Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
A new era of interest in immunomodulatory drugs began with increased funding for immunology basic research that originated from two sources: (1) the proven effectiveness of life-saving treatments for degenerative diseases and hematologic cancers, and (2) the public health campaign, joining with patient advocacy groups, to develop new treatments for HIV/AIDS. A decade of focused research in immunology in the 1980s led to fundamental discoveries in the fi eld of leukocyte biology, including the identifi cation of key targets of immunomodulation (e.g., primary and secondary signals in antigen presentation) that fueled the development of new drugs and immunosuppressive treatments for solid organ graft rejection and bone marrow transplantation, as well as novel immunomodulatory treatments for autoimmune diseases.
