ABSTRACT
Interfluves......................................................................................... 333 5.1.4 Artesian Discharge ........................................................................... 334 5.1.5 Deep Discharge ................................................................................ 335 5.1.6 Calculation of Total Groundwater Component in the
Water Balance of Lake Baikal......................................................... 336 5.2 Submarine Groundwater Discharge to Lake Balkhash................................ 339
5.2.1 Natural Conditions of the Coastal Zone.......................................... 339 5.2.2 Quantitative Assessment of Submarine Groundwater Discharge ... 340 5.2.3 Interaction between Groundwater and Lake ................................... 346
5.3 Submarine Groundwater Discharge to Lake Issyk-Kul ............................... 349 5.3.1 Natural Conditions of the Shore Zone ............................................ 349 5.3.2 Quantitative Assessment of Submarine Groundwater
Discharge to Lake Issyk-Kul ........................................................... 350 5.4 Groundwater Discharge to Some Lakes of Karelia ..................................... 352
5.4.1 Natural Settings in Karelia .............................................................. 352 5.4.2 Estimation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge to
Some Lakes of Karelia .................................................................... 356 5.4.3 Groundwater Contribution to the Water and Salt Balance
of the Lakes of Karelia .................................................................... 356 5.5 Estimation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge into Lake Ladoga ........ 360 5.6 Specific Features of Water Exchange between Lakes and
Groundwater in the Permafrost of the Pechora-Ural Region ...................... 363 5.6.1 Water Exchange in the Zone of Continuous Permafrost ................ 363 5.6.2 Water Exchange in the Zone of Discontinuous Permafrost............ 372
The submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to Lake Baikal occurs in complicated geologic-geomorphological conditions, variable both along the perimeter of the shoreline and at the bottom of the Baikal depression. The calculation of lake water balance includes the groundwater that is discharged directly to the lake depression and not accounted for in the calculations of the river discharge.
